Congenital imperforate anus and recto-vaginal fistula

Mahler S, Williams G. Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health National Library of Medicine USA. The cause of congenital anorectal malformations is unknown, although environmental factors such as drug use during pregnancy may play a part. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. Female congenital anomalies of the genitalia , including Intersex and DSD: Find a Doctor Find A Doctor Pediatric Bowel Management Program Meet the Expert Team.

Handbook for Conducting Research on Human Sexuality. Some texts list four layers by counting the two sublayers of the mucosa epithelium and lamina propria separately. Female mammals usually have two external openings in the vulva, the urethral opening for the urinary tract and the vaginal opening for the genital tract. Retrieved January 19, Abnormal openings known as fistulas can cause urine or feces to enter the vagina, resulting in incontinence. Pharmacologically , this has the potential advantage of promoting therapeutic effects primarily in the vagina or nearby structures such as the vaginal portion of cervix with limited systemic adverse effects compared to other routes of administration. This increase in moisture provides vaginal lubrication , which reduces friction.

In amphibians , birds , reptiles and monotremes , the cloaca is the single external opening for the gastrointestinal tract, the urinary, and reproductive tracts. The outer form is a giant, reclining sculpture of a woman with her legs spread. Female marsupials have two lateral vaginas , which lead to separate uteri, but both open externally through the same orifice. Pharmacologically , this has the potential advantage of promoting therapeutic effects primarily in the vagina or nearby structures such as the vaginal portion of cervix with limited systemic adverse effects compared to other routes of administration. The lamina propria is rich in blood vessels and lymphatic channels.